Lethal, sublethal and transgenerational effects of insecticides labeled for cotton on immature Trichogramma pretiosum

The parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is often released to manage lepidopteran pests in cotton crops. However, growers rely on multiple insecticide applications pests. A harmonious integration of control tactics required for proper pest management, and the use selective insecticides (i.e., those promoting effective while causing little impact natural enemies) fits within this scope. This study aimed assess lethal, sublethal transgenerational effects from varying chemical groups T. pretiosum. were sprayed parasitized host [Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller), Lepidoptera: Pyralidae] eggs with developing stages (egg-larva, prepupa, pupa), biological traits assessed following adult emergence. Overall, pupae more susceptible insecticides. We found thiodicarb chlorfenapyr reduce F0 emergence rates comparable positive (methomyl). Adult deformation was highest flupyradifurone-treated organisms, both parasitism rate female survival reduced by (except teflubenzuron). sex ratio (proportion female) affected flupyradifurone. Transgenerational occurred emergence, which offspring (F1) thiodicarb, chlorfenapyr, flupyradifurone treated In addition, decreased F1 (≤ 0.33) compared other compounds (sex ≥ 0.45). These results indicate that teflubenzuron safest insecticide; are non-selective Field semifield studies confirm harmfulness toward